NETWORKING AND ITS WORKING: SOME BASICS YOU MUST KNOW

Well after so many request from visitors a.k.a TECHDIGGEDian, I have come across this post which is quite general but i bet will be very useful for all our special and precious visitors. Today i will be telling you about NETWORKING, how does it works and its small-small things.

Networking

What Is Networking

Networking is simply data-sharing or Information sharing or in the most way two or more computer connected to share resources, exchange files or allow electronic communication (Telephone).

ARPANET was the first network.

 Server: A computer that facilitates the sharing of data, software and hardware resource ( eg. printers, modem etc) on the network.

1. Hub: A Hub is used in a wired network to connect Ethernet cables from number of devices together. 
2. Switch: A device which is used to divide a large number of network in to sub-network.
3. MODEM: Breaking two words- Modulator-Demodulator. It is a device which convert analog signal into digital signals and vice-verse. 
4. Bridge: A device which is used to connect two or more networks together. It is a intelligent device as  it also make decision to which network data has to be sent. 
5. Router: A device which is WAN based and decide the best possible route to connect computers like we use Routers to connect two computer's Internet connection.
6. Gateway: A device which connects two dissimilar networks together.
7. Repeater: A much needed device which amplify weak signals.

Data Sending Techniques

There are three types of techniques which is all over the world is used. 

• Packet Switching
• Message Switching 
• Circuit Switching

Packet Switching: Very Very simple example of packet switching is Internet Download Manager (IDM) i hope all of you have used IDM, you may have observed that IDM download all thing in parts and then when downloading is completed, it recombines it and save it into our PC's. 

Same is packet switching, It convert big file into small packets and then is transferred or downloaded in to required destinations and it is unidirectional. 

Message Switching: Take an example of your mobile phone, you send a message to your dear one, and it is delivered to your receiver, how this is done, its main principle is store and forward i.e it will first go to your local exchange> Main Exchange> Receiver's Main Exchange> Receiver's Local Exchange> Receiver. 

Data is not distributed into packets but sended into once.

Circuit Switching: In this technique, first complete physical connection between two computer is established and then data is transmitted. Not only computers, all wired telephonic network is a part of this switching.

Wireless Communication  

Many of the International Network are only possible because of Wireless Communications.

Microwaves: Microwaves signals is used to transmit the data without use of cable. The signals are similar to  radio and television signals and are used for long distance communications. It consists of a Transmitter, receiver and the atmosphere. It offers freedom from land acquisition rights that are required for laying, repairing cables. It offer easy communication over terrain. 

Radio waves: The transmission making use of radio frequencies. When certain radio frequencies are allocated to private business for direct voice communications, they can make use of it for private business purpose. It consists of a Transmitter and A Receiver. In Aeroplane, Pilot make use of Radio-waves for communications with their base.

The transmitter takes some sort of message, encodes it into a sine wave, and transmit it with radio waves. 

It can penetrate in the hilly areas.

SATELLITE: To avoid some of the limitations of microwaves earth stations, communications companies have added microwave "Sky Stations", communications satellites, Signals are sent from stations to satellite and satellite reflect the signal to the required destination of any corner of the world. 

Some General Things You Should Know

Any page that we see on the internet is a "Website". When a website provides different/ multiple services it is termed as Website-Portal. Software which is used to access the internet is Web-Browser and which provide internet services is called Web-Server (eg. google server, WordPress ). 

There are certain rules which governs the control of network, we say it Protocol. 

TCP/IP: Transmission control protocol, it takes data and distributes it in to packets (in our computer the Internet comes in packet> Received and Sent), this is done by TCP/IP also it gives destination and address and serial no to those packets. 

Individually, IP> Gives direction to the packets. 

Security

1. VIRUSES: Software program that are executed on its own in the computer without admins permit and harm the computer.
2. WORMS: They are form of viruses which keeps on copying from folder to folder, PC to PC.
3. TROJANS: They are hidden codes when accessed, harm PC at a very high risk. 
4. HACKERS: They are the people which tend to gain knowledge about computer system and use them for pranks.
5. CRACKERS: They are professional programmers used to hack accounts, have wrong intentions, and misuse it. 
6. ANTIVIRUS: Softwares which are used to prevent VIRUSES in the computers.
7. ANTI-TROJANS: Same as anti-virus but work for Trojans. (Anti-Viruses Don't Work For Trojans.)
8. FIREWALL: It is a protection layer on network and checks all the incoming traffic & rejects unwanted IP's)